Esse tal "pattern of Spanish colonization" foi um achado. Acho que vou comprar o livro do narloch para "pesquisar" a respeito.
The pattern of Spanish colonization was based upon conditions in
Spain in the late Middle Ages. In contrast to Europe generally, where
aggressions against non-European territories had been checked by the
growth of Turkish power, the Spanish and the English could still pursue the
conquest of lands and peoples against the Spanish Arabs of Granada and
the Celts of Ireland. Thus, the two major land-conquering and colonizing
powers, Spain and England, preceded their respective transatlantic conquests
by the conquest of neighboring peoples—the Moors of Granada
by Spain in the late fifteenth century, and the Irish by the English,
particularly during the sixteenth century. In these aggressions both the
Spanish and the English not only acquired the skills and appetites for further
violence, but also established the attitudes and policies to be
applied to alien peoples through conquest, extermination, or enslavement.
Due to geographical and political conditions, Spain retained the military
spirit of feudalism for a longer time than other European
countries. The arid climate and the frontier wars with the Muslims
caused the Spanish ruling class to remain essentially horsemen, who in
place of agriculture emphasized sheep and cattle farming, occupations in
which horsemen could be utilized and trained for war. This style of life had
a profound influence on Spanish colonization. The Christian and Muslim
farmers conquered by the Spanish nobles were kept in feudal serfdom to
provide foodstuffs for the ruling class, to whom their villages had been
granted. This feudal system, which had been imposed on the conquered
lands of Granada and the Canary Islands, was then applied to the larger
islands of the West Indies and later to Mexico, Venezuela, and Peru.
The native villages were granted to Spanish conquistadores, who were
to govern them so as to live upon the work of the natives. The hapless
natives were compelled to provide food, cotton, and forced labor for building
the great cities where the Spanish lived and from which they governed,
and to work for large mining operations of the Spaniards. Alongside
the agriculture of the Indians, the conquistadores developed the raising
of sheep, cattle, horses, and mules to provide profits for themselves as well
as work and plentiful meat for their keepers. Generally the Spanish
colonists did not pursue productive work; instead they entered government
and privileged occupations, in which to live from the work of the natives
whom they enslaved.
Continuando, Rothbard fala sobre aa honrada posição do Escolásticos sobre o tema [coisa de 500 anos atrás negada! PUTAQUEOSPARIU!! Pois é, seriam "inocentes" os pacifistas escolásticos?, fica a pergunta, inclusive a OLAVÃO. Anyway, embora a POLÍTICA tenha [sempre tem] vencido, há - sempre - muito a aprender com os Escolásticos]:
The right to conquer, coercively convert, govern, and enslave the
natives of the New World was subjected to intense criticism in a series
of lectures in 1539 at the University of Salamanca by the great Dominican
scholastic philosopher Francisco de Vitoria. In international law based
upon the natural law, insisted Vitoria, the native peoples as well as
European peoples have full equality of rights. No right of conquest by Europeans
could result from crimes or errors of the natives, whether they
be tyranny, murder, religious differences, or rejection of Christianity.
Having grave doubts of the right of the Spaniards to any government of
the natives, Vitoria advocated peaceful trade, in justice and in practice,
as against conquest, enslavement, and political power, whether or not
the last mentioned were aimed at individual profit, tax revenue, or
conversion to Christianity. Although the Spanish government prohibited
further discussion of these questions, the Vitoria lectures influenced the
New Laws of 1542, which gave greater legal protection to the natives
in America.
Nevertheless, there were defenders of imperialism in Spain who
rejected international law and scholastic individualism and returned
to the slave theories of the classical authors. Based on the theory of natural
servitude—that the majority of mankind is inferior and must be
subdued to government by the ruling class, of course in the interest of
that majority—these imperial apologists proposed that the natives be
taught better morals, be converted, and be introduced to the blessings
of economic development by being divided among the conquistadores,
for whom they must labor.
The serfdom of the Indians was most strongly and zealously opposed
by the Dominican missionary Bishop Bartolome de Las Casas. Tireless
in working to influence European public opinion against the practices
of Spanish officials in America, Las Casas argued that all men must have
freedom so that reason, which naturally inclines men to live together
in peace, justice, and cooperation, can remain free and unhampered.
Therefore, concluded Las Casas, even pursuit of the great objective of
conversion to Christianity cannot be used to violate these rights. Not only
was all slavery evil, but the natives had a right to live independently of
European government. The papacy, in 1537, condemned as heretical the
concept that natives were not rational men or were naturally inferior
persons. These progressive views were also reflected in the abolition
of conquistador feudalism in the New Laws of 1542; however, this abolition
was revoked by the Spanish Crown three years later.
Political control of the Spanish colonies was first exercised by a committee
of the Council of Castile, and then from 1524 by the Council of the
Indies. In the New World, provincial governments were created, with
the two most important, Mexico and Peru, raised to status of viceroyalties.
Economic control of the colonies was vested in the Casa de Contratacion,
instituted in 1503 to license, supervise, and tax merchants,
goods, and ships engaged in trade in the New World. In 1508 a Bureau
of Pilots was established under the Casa which advised the Government
on maritime matters and supervised navigation and navigators; its first
chief pilot was Amerigo Vespucci. Sebastian Cabot held that office for
about thirty years, after transferring from English to Spanish service,
as England's maritime interests had shifted from exploration to the
development of a governmental navy.
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